real 3 Dimentional concept

Friday, March 3, 2023

Price and selection

One advantage of shopping online is being able to quickly seek out deals for items or services provided by many different vendors (though some local search engines do exist to help consumers locate products for sale in nearby stores). Search engines, online price comparison services and discovery shopping engines can be used to look up sellers of a particular product or service. Shipping costs (if applicable) reduce the price advantage of online merchandise, though depending on the jurisdiction, a lack of sales tax may compensate for this. Shipping a small number of items, especially from another country, is much more expensive than making the larger shipments bricks-and-mortar retailers order. Some retailers (especially those selling small, high-value items like electronics) offer free shipping on sufficiently large orders. Another major advantage for retailers is the ability to rapidly switch suppliers and vendors without disrupting users' shopping experience.

Disadvantages

Fraud and security concerns

Given the lack of ability to inspect merchandise before purchase, consumers are at higher risk of fraud than face-to-face transactions. When ordering merchandise online, the item may not work properly, it may have defects, or it might not be the same item pictured in the online photo. Merchants also risk fraudulent purchases if customers are using stolen credit cards or fraudulent repudiation of the online purchase. However, merchants face less risk from physical theft by using a warehouse instead of a retail storefront. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) encryption has generally solved the problem of credit card numbers being intercepted in transit between the consumer and the merchant. However, one must still trust the merchant (and employees) not to use the credit card information subsequently for their own purchases, and not to pass the information to others. Also, hackers might break into a merchant's web site and steal names, addresses and credit card numbers, although the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard is intended to minimize the impact of such breaches. Identity theft is still a concern for consumers. A number of high-profile break-ins in the 2000s has prompted some U.S. states to require disclosure to consumers when this happens. Computer security has thus become a major concern for merchants and e-commerce service providers, who deploy countermeasures such as firewalls and anti-virus software to protect their networks. Phishing is another danger, where consumers are fooled into thinking they are dealing with a reputable retailer, when they have actually been manipulated into feeding private information to a system operated by a malicious party. Denial of service attacks are a minor risk for merchants, as are server and network outages.

Quality seals can be placed on the Shop web page if it has undergone an independent assessment and meets all requirements of the company issuing the seal. The purpose of these seals is to increase the confidence of online shoppers. However, the existence of many different seals, or seals unfamiliar to consumers, may foil this effort to a certain extent.

A number of resources offer advice on how consumers can protect themselves when using online retailer services. These include:

Sticking with well-known stores, or attempting to find independent consumer reviews of their experiences; also ensuring that there is comprehensive contact information on the website before using the service, and noting if the retailer has enrolled in industry oversight programs such as a trust mark or a trust seal.
Before buying from a new company, evaluating the website by considering issues such as: the professionalism and user-friendliness of the site; whether or not the company lists a telephone number and/or street address along with e-contact information; whether a fair and reasonable refund and return policy is clearly stated; and whether there are hidden price inflators, such as excessive shipping and handling charges.
Ensuring that the retailer has an acceptable privacy policy posted. For example, note if the retailer does not explicitly state that it will not share private information with others without consent.
Ensuring that the vendor address is protected with SSL (see above) when entering credit card information. If it does the address on the credit card information entry screen will start with "HTTPS".
Using strong passwords which do not contain personal information such as the user's name or birthdate. Another option is a "pass phrase," which might be something along the lines: "I shop 4 good a buy!!" These are difficult to hack, since they do not consist of words found in a dictionary, and provides a variety of upper, lower, and special characters. These passwords can be site specific and may be easy to remember.

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I veicoli elettrici non rilasciano inquinanti atmosferici dallo scarico; tuttavia

I veicoli elettrici non rilasciano inquinanti atmosferici dallo scarico; tuttavia, i veicoli elettrici sono caricati con l'elettricità che può essere generata con mezzi che hanno un impatto sulla salute e sull'ambiente. ^[91]^[92]

Le emissioni di carbonio derivanti dalla produzione e dal funzionamento di un veicolo elettrico sono in genere inferiori a quelle della produzione e del funzionamento di un veicolo convenzionale. ^[93] I veicoli elettrici nelle aree urbane inquinano quasi sempre meno dei veicoli a combustione interna. ^[94]

Una limitazione del potenziale ambientale dei veicoli elettrici è che il semplice passaggio dell'attuale flotta di auto di proprietà privata dagli ICE ai veicoli elettrici non libererà spazio stradale per viaggi attivi o trasporti pubblici . ^[95] I veicoli elettrici per la micromobilità , come le e-bike, possono contribuire alla decarbonizzazione dei sistemi di trasporto, soprattutto al di fuori delle aree urbane già ben servite dal trasporto pubblico. ^[96]

I veicoli con motore a combustione interna utilizzano molte più materie prime nel corso della loro vita rispetto ai veicoli elettrici. ^[97]

Dalla loro prima uscita commerciale nel 1991, le batterie agli ioni di litio sono diventate una tecnologia importante per realizzare sistemi di trasporto a basse emissioni di carbonio. La sostenibilità del processo di produzione delle batterie non è stata pienamente valutata in termini economici, sociali o ambientali. ^[98]

I processi aziendali di estrazione delle materie prime in pratica sollevano problemi di trasparenza e responsabilità della gestione delle risorse estrattive. Nella complessa catena di approvvigionamento della tecnologia al litio, ci sono diverse parti interessate che rappresentano interessi aziendali, gruppi di interesse pubblico ed élite politiche che si preoccupano dei risultati della produzione e dell'uso della tecnologia. Una possibilità per ottenere processi estrattivi equilibrati sarebbe l'istituzione di standard concordati sulla governance della tecnologia a livello mondiale. ^[98]

La conformità di questi standard può essere valutata dall'Assessment of Sustainability in Supply Chains Frameworks (ASSC). In questo caso, la valutazione qualitativa consiste nell'esaminare la governance e l'impegno sociale e ambientale. Gli indicatori per la valutazione quantitativa sono i sistemi e gli standard di gestione, la conformità e gli indicatori sociali e ambientali. ^[99]

Una fonte stima che oltre un quinto del litio e circa il 65% del cobalto necessari per le auto elettriche proverrà da fonti riciclate entro il 2035. ^[100] Pertanto, gran parte delle materie prime coinvolte nella produzione di veicoli elettrici dipenderà dall'estrazione di minerali metallici. ^{[ sintesi impropria? ]} D'altra parte, se si contano le grandi quantità di combustibili fossili che le auto non elettriche consumano nel corso della loro vita, si può ritenere che le auto elettriche riducano drasticamente il fabbisogno di materie prime. ^[100]

Socio-economico

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e Nazioni Unite a Ginevra ( UNECE ) hanno adottato il primo regolamento

Sicurezza [ modifica ]

Questa sezione deve essere ampliata con: informazioni aggiornate. Puoi aiutare aggiungendo ad esso . ( luglio 2021 )

Le Nazioni Unite a Ginevra ( UNECE ) hanno adottato il primo regolamento internazionale (Regolamento 100) sulla sicurezza delle auto elettriche sia completamente elettriche che ibride, con l'intento di garantire che le auto con propulsore elettrico ad alta tensione , come quelle ibride e completamente- veicoli elettrici, sono sicuri quanto le auto a combustione. L'UE e il Giappone hanno già indicato l'intenzione di incorporare il nuovo regolamento UNECE nelle rispettive norme sulle norme tecniche per i veicoli. ^[90]

Ambientale [ modifica ]

I veicoli con motore a combustione interna utilizzano molte più materie prime nel corso della loro vita rispetto ai veicoli elettrici. ^[97]

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examining the health and nutrition

Another study examining the health and nutrition literacy status of residents of the lower Mississippi Delta found that 52 percent of participants had a high likelihood of limited literacy skills.^[123] While a precise comparison between the NAAL and Delta studies is difficult, primarily because of methodological differences, Zoellner et al. suggest that health literacy rates in the Mississippi Delta region are different from the U.S. general population and that they help establish the scope of the problem of health literacy among adults in the Delta region. For example, only 12 percent of study participants identified the My Pyramid graphic two years after it had been launched by the USDA. The study also found significant relationships between nutrition literacy and income level and nutrition literacy and educational attainment^[123] further delineating priorities for the region.

These statistics point to the complexities surrounding the lack of health/nutrition literacy and reveal the degree to which they are embedded in the social structure and interconnected with other problems. Among these problems are the lack of information about food choices, a lack of understanding of nutritional information and its application to individual circumstances, limited or difficult access to healthful foods, and a range of cultural influences and socioeconomic constraints such as low levels of education and high levels of poverty that decrease opportunities for healthful eating and living.

The links between low health literacy and poor health outcomes has been widely documented^[124] and there is evidence that some interventions to improve health literacy have produced successful results in the primary care setting. More must be done to further our understanding of nutrition literacy specific interventions in non-primary care settings^[123] in order to achieve better health outcomes.

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Thursday, March 2, 2023

Delivery

Especially in cases of large or heavy products, delivery can be not only more convenient but also not require having or using a car. Not using or depending on personal vehicles, which can have substantial impact on the environment, to travel to local stores can make online shopping more sustainable than buying in local stores if such are used otherwise^[57] (especially if items are bundled^[57] and delivery vehicles are electric and use optimized routes).

Information and reviews

Online shopping is usually more informationally rich than shopping at physical stores traveled to and usually has higher comparability and customizability.^[58]

Online stores must describe products for sale with text, photos, and multimedia files, and sometimes have features such as question and answers or filters, whereas in a physical retail store, the actual product and the manufacturer's packaging will be available for direct inspection (which might involve a test drive, fitting, or other experimentation). Some online stores provide or link to supplemental product information, such as instructions, safety procedures, demonstrations, or manufacturer specifications. Some provide background information, advice, or how-to guides designed to help consumers decide which product to buy. Some stores even allow customers to comment or rate their items. There are also dedicated review sites that host user reviews for different products. Reviews and even some blogs give customers the option of shopping for cheaper purchases from all over the world without having to depend on local retailers. In a conventional retail store, clerks are generally available to answer questions. Some online stores have real-time chat features, but most rely on e-mails or phone calls to handle customer questions. Even if an online store is open 24 hours a day, seven days a week, the customer service team may only be available during regular business hours.

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Sostituzione della batteria

ostituzione della batteria [ modifica ]

Invece di ricaricare i veicoli elettrici dalle prese elettriche, le batterie potrebbero essere sostituite meccanicamente in apposite stazioni in pochi minuti ( cambio batteria ).

Le batterie con una maggiore densità di energia come le celle a combustibile metallo-aria non possono sempre essere ricaricate in modo puramente elettrico, quindi è possibile utilizzare una qualche forma di ricarica meccanica. Una batteria zinco-aria , tecnicamente una cella a combustibile , è difficile da ricaricare elettricamente, quindi può essere "rifornita" sostituendo periodicamente l'anodo o l'elettrolita. ^[79]

Ricarica dinamica [ modifica ]

Tecnologie di ricarica dinamica testate in Svezia ^[80]^[81]^[82]
Tipo (e sviluppatore)	Potenza per ricevitore (e potere in attesa di ulteriore sviluppo)	Milioni di corone svedesi per km strada entrambi i modi	Riferimenti
Potenza dall'alto linee ( Siemens )	650kW (1000 kW)	12.4	^[80]^{: 140–144} ^[81]^{: 23–24, 54}
Alimentazione a terra attraverso la ferrovia su strada ( Consorzio Elways e NCC )	200kW (800 kW)	9.4-10.5	^[80]^{: 146-149} ^[81]^{: 21–23, 54}
Alimentazione a terra tramite rotaia su strada ( consorzio Elonroad e ABB )	150kW (500 kW)	11.5-15.3	^[81]^{: 25–26, 54}
Trasferimento di potenza senza fili attraverso la strada bobine induttive ( Electreon )	25kW (40 kW)	19.5-20.8	^[80]^{: 171–172} ^[81]^{: 26–28, 54}

TRL (precedentemente Transport Research Laboratory) elenca tre tipi di erogazione di potenza per la ricarica dinamica o la ricarica mentre il veicolo è in movimento: linee elettriche aeree e alimentazione a terra tramite rotaia o induzione . TRL elenca la potenza aerea come la soluzione tecnologicamente più matura che fornisce i massimi livelli di potenza, ma la tecnologia non è adatta per veicoli non commerciali. L'alimentazione a livello del suolo è adatta a tutti i veicoli, mentre la rotaia è una soluzione matura con un elevato trasferimento di potenza ed elementi facilmente accessibili e ispezionabili. La ricarica induttiva fornisce la minima potenza e richiede più attrezzature lungo la strada rispetto alle alternative. ^[80]^{: Appendice D}

La Commissione Europea ha pubblicato nel 2021 una richiesta di regolamentazione e standardizzazione dei sistemi stradali elettrici. ^[83] Poco dopo, un gruppo di lavoro del Ministero dell'Ecologia francese ha raccomandato l'adozione di uno standard stradale elettrico europeo formulato con Svezia, Germania, Italia, Paesi Bassi, Spagna, Polonia e altri. ^[84] Il primo standard per le apparecchiature elettriche a bordo di un veicolo alimentato da un sistema stradale elettrico su rotaia (ERS), CENELEC Technical Standard 50717, è stato approvato alla fine del 2022. ^[85]I seguenti standard, che comprendono la "piena interoperabilità" e una "soluzione unificata e interoperabile" per l'alimentazione elettrica a livello del suolo, dovrebbero essere pubblicati entro la fine del 2024, specificando in dettaglio "specifiche complete per la comunica

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Anorexia nervosa

The lifetime prevalence of anorexia nervosa in women is 0.9%, with 19 years as the average age of onset.^{[citation needed]} Although relatively uncommon, eating disorders can negatively affect menstruation, fertility, and maternal and fetal well-being. Among infertile women with amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea due to eating disorders, 58% had menstrual irregularities, according to preliminary research in 1990.^[121]^{[citation needed]}

Nutrition literacy

The findings of the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL), conducted by the US Department of Education, provide a basis upon which to frame the nutrition literacy problem in the U.S. NAAL introduced the first-ever measure of "the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions" – an objective of Healthy People 2010^[122] and of which nutrition literacy might be considered an important subset. On a scale of below basic, basic, intermediate and proficient, NAAL found 13 percent of adult Americans have proficient health literacy, 44% have intermediate literacy, 29 percent have basic literacy and 14 percent have below basic health literacy. The study found that health literacy increases with education and people living below the level of poverty have lower health literacy than those above it.

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Infant and young child feeding

Improvement of breast feeding practices, like early initiation and exclusive breast feeding for the first two years of life, could save the lives of 1.5 million children annually.^[117] Nutrition interventions targeted at infants aged 0–5 months first encourages early initiation of breastfeeding.^[3] Though the relationship between early initiation of breast feeding and improved health outcomes has not been formally established, a recent study in Ghana suggests a causal relationship between early initiation and reduced infection-caused neo-natal deaths.^[3] Also, experts promote exclusive breastfeeding, rather than using formula, which has shown to promote optimal growth, development, and health of infants.^[118] Exclusive breastfeeding often indicates nutritional status because infants that consume breast milk are more likely to receive all adequate nourishment and nutrients that will aid their developing body and immune system. This leaves children less likely to contract diarrheal diseases and respiratory infections.^[2]

Besides the quality and frequency of breastfeeding, the nutritional status of mothers affects infant health. When mothers do not receive proper nutrition, it threatens the wellness and potential of their children.^[2] Well-nourished women are less likely to experience risks of birth and are more likely to deliver children who will develop well physically and mentally.^[2] Maternal undernutrition increases the chances of low-birth weight, which can increase the risk of infections and asphyxia in fetuses, increasing the probability of neonatal deaths.^[119] Growth failure during intrauterine conditions, associated with improper mother nutrition, can contribute to lifelong health complications.^[3] Approximately 13 million children are born with intrauterine growth restriction annually.^[120]

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Wednesday, March 1, 2023

Market share

The popularity of online shopping continues to erode sales of conventional retailers. For example, Best Buy, the largest retailer of electronics in the U.S. in August 2014 reported its tenth consecutive quarterly dip in sales, citing an increasing shift by consumers to online shopping.^[50] Amazon.com has the largest market share in the United States. As of May 2018, a survey found two-thirds of Americans had bought something from Amazon (92% of those who had bought anything online), with 40% of online shoppers buying something from Amazon at least once a month. The survey found shopping began at amazon.com 44% of the time, compared to a general search engine at 33%. It estimated 75 million Americans subscribe to Amazon Prime and 35 million more use someone else's account.^[51]

There were 242 million people shopping online in China in 2012.^[52] For developing countries and low-income households in developed countries, adoption of e-commerce in place of or in addition to conventional methods is limited by a lack of affordable Internet access.

Advantages

Convenience

Online stores are usually available 24 hours a day, and many consumers in Western countries have Internet access both at work and at home. Other establishments such as Internet cafes, community centers and schools provide internet access as well. In contrast, visiting a conventional retail store requires travel or commuting and costs such as gas, parking, or bus tickets, and must usually take place during business hours. Delivery was always a problem which affected the convenience of online shopping. Additionally, the online shopping industry has not only involved the concept of providing convenience for customers but also improved perceptions of social inclusion.^[53] However to overcome this many retailers including online retailers in Taiwan brought in a store pick up service. This now meant that customers could purchase goods online and pick them up at a nearby convenience store, making online shopping more advantageous to customers.^[54] In the event of a problem with the item (e.g., the product was not what the consumer ordered or the product was not satisfactory), consumers are concerned with the ease of returning an item in exchange for the correct product or a refund. Consumers may need to contact the retailer, visit the post office and pay return shipping, and then wait for a replacement or refund. Some online companies have more generous return policies to compensate for the traditional advantage of physical stores. For example, the online shoe retailer Zappos.com includes labels for free return shipping, and does not charge a restocking fee, even for returns which are not the result of merchant error. (Note: In the United Kingdom, online shops are prohibited from charging a restocking fee if the consumer cancels their order in accordance with the Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Act 2000).^[55] A 2018 survey in the United States found 26% of online shoppers said they never return items, and another 65% said they rarely do so.^[56] Merchants may benefit from online shopping due to low sales inventory pressure, low operating costs, and the scale of operation is not limited by the site.

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Vitamin A plays an essential role

Vitamin A plays an essential role in developing the immune system in children, therefore, it is considered an essential micronutrient that can greatly affect health.^[2] However, because of the expense of testing for deficiencies, many developing nations have not been able to fully detect and address vitamin A deficiency, leaving vitamin A deficiency considered a silent hunger.^[2] According to estimates, subclinical vitamin A deficiency, characterized by low retinol levels, affects 190 million pre-school children and 19 million mothers worldwide.^[112]

The WHO estimates that 5.2 million of these children under five are affected by night blindness, which is considered clinical vitamin A deficiency.^[113] Severe vitamin A deficiency (VAD) for developing children can result in visual impairments, anemia and weakened immunity, and increase their risk of morbidity and mortality from infectious disease.^[114] This also presents a problem for women, with WHO estimating that 9.8 million women are affected by night blindness.^[115] Clinical vitamin A deficiency is particularly common among pregnant women, with prevalence rates as high as 9.8% in South-East Asia.^[112]

Estimates say that 28.5% of the global population is iodine deficient, representing 1.88 billion individuals.^[116] Although salt iodization programs have reduced the prevalence of iodine deficiency, this is still a public health concern in 32 nations. Moderate deficiencies are common in Europe and Africa, and over consumption is common in the Americas.^[90] Iodine-deficient diets can interfere with adequate thyroid hormone production, which is responsible for normal growth in the brain and nervous system. This ultimately leads to poor school performance and impaired intellectual capabilities.^[2]

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