real 3 Dimentional concept

Monday, February 27, 2023

Dieta

Dieta refere-se aos hábitos alimentares individuais. Cada pessoa tem uma dieta específica (saudável ou não). Cada cultura costuma caracterizar-se por dietas particulares. Contudo, em termos gerais, o uso popular desta palavra costuma apenas definir dieta como uma forma de conter o peso e manter sua saúde em boa condição. Para seguir uma dieta, convém consultar um médico ou nutricionista, a fim de conhecer a dieta adequada ao seu organismo. A escolha de alimentos certos na proporção correta, bem como a prática de exercício físico com orientação de um especialista, evitando uma vida sedentária, são considerados fatores essenciais para a manutenção da saúde. Uma "dieta" restritiva e que não tenha em conta as necessidades do organismo poderá ter efeitos desastrosos. Por isso, uma adequada avaliação nutricional individual evita desequilíbrios na dieta que podem levar a problemas de saúde, tais como deficiências nutricionais específicas ou calórico-protéicas e o excesso de peso ou obesidade. Também, ter uma vida saudável não é fazer apenas dieta, é não ter uma vida sedentária. Diversas dietas tornaram-se populares nas últimas décadas, algumas passageiras, outras polêmicas e outras com maior comprovação científica. Exemplo de dietas:

Dieta de Atkins. Restrição radical ao consumo de carboidratos, ou seja massas, doces, açúcares, e até mesmo frutas e verduras.
Dieta de South Beach. Restrição total de carboidratos em seu início, evoluindo com restrição parcial, permitindo carboidratos ricos em fibras.
Dieta do Super Café da Manhã. Dieta com restrição de carboidratos com ênfase calórica na primeira refeição do dia.
Dieta Dash. Dieta desenvolvida para combater a hipertensão arterial por especialistas americanos.

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Undernutrition

UNICEF defines undernutrition "as the outcome of insufficient food intake (hunger) and repeated infectious diseases. Under nutrition includes being underweight for one's age, too short for one's age (stunted), dangerously thin (wasted), and deficient in vitamins and minerals (micronutrient malnutrient).^[2] Under nutrition causes 53% of deaths of children under five across the world.^[2] It has been estimated that undernutrition is the underlying cause for 35% of child deaths.^[97] The Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group estimate that under nutrition, "including fetal growth restriction, stunting, wasting, deficiencies of vitamin A and zinc along with suboptimum breastfeeding—is a cause of 3.1 million child deaths and infant mortality, or 45% of all child deaths in 2011".^[95]

When humans are undernourished, they no longer maintain normal bodily functions, such as growth, resistance to infection, or have satisfactory performance in school or work.^[2] Major causes of under nutrition in young children include lack of proper breast feeding for infants and illnesses such as diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and HIV/AIDS.^[2] According to UNICEF 146 million children across the globe, that one out of four under the age of five, are underweight.^[2] The number of underweight children has decreased since 1990, from 33 percent to 28 percent between 1990 and 2004.^[2] Underweight and stunted children are more susceptible to infection, more likely to fall behind in school, more likely to become overweight and develop non-infectious diseases, and ultimately earn less than their non-stunted coworkers.^[98] Therefore, undernutrition can accumulate deficiencies in health which results in less productive individuals and societies^[2]

Many children are born with the inherent disadvantage of low birth weight, often caused by intrauterine growth restriction and poor maternal nutrition, which results in worse growth, development, and health throughout the course of their lifetime.^[90] Children born at low birthweight (less than 5.5 pounds or 2.5 kg), are less likely to be healthy and are more susceptible to disease and early death.^[2] Those born at low birthweight also are likely to have a depressed immune system, which can increase their chances of heart disease and diabetes later on in life.^[2] Because 96% of low birthweight occurs in the developing world, low birthweight is associated with being born to a mother in poverty with poor nutritional status that has had to perform demanding labor.^[2]

Stunting and other forms of undernutrition reduces a child's chance of survival and hinders their optimal growth and health.^[98] Stunting has demonstrated association with poor brain development, which reduces cognitive ability, academic performance, and eventually earning potential.^[98] Important determinants of stunting include the quality and frequency of infant and child feeding, infectious disease susceptibility, and the mother's nutrition and health status.^[98] Undernourished mothers are more likely to birth stunted children, perpetuating a cycle of undernutrition and poverty.^[98] Stunted children are more likely to develop obesity and chronic diseases upon reaching adulthood.^[98] Therefore, malnutrition resulting in stunting can further worsen the obesity epidemic, especially in low and middle income countries.^[98] This creates even new economic and social challenges for vulnerable impoverished groups.^[98]

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Sunday, February 26, 2023

Intestinal microbiome

phytochemicals such as polyphenols were not assessed in this review.^[85]

Colorful fruits and vegetables may be components of a healthy diet.

Intestinal microbiome

The intestines contain a large population of gut flora. In humans, the four dominant phyla are Bacillota, Bacteroidota, Actinomycetota, and Pseudomonadota.^[86] They are essential to digestion and are also affected by food that is consumed. Bacteria are essential for metabolizing food substrates and thereby increasing energy output, and produce a great variety of metabolites, including vitamins and short-chain fatty acids that contribute to the metabolism in a wide variety of ways.^[87] These metabolites are responsible for stimulating cell growth, repressing the growth of harmful bacteria, priming the immune system to respond only to pathogens, helping to maintain a healthy gut barrier, control gene expression by epigenetic regulation^[88] and defending against some infectious diseases.^[89]

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Phytochemicals

Phytochemicals such as polyphenols are compounds produced naturally in plants (phyto means "plant" in Greek). In general, the term identifies compounds that are prevalent in plant foods, but are not proven to be essential for human nutrition, as of 2018. There is no conclusive evidence in humans that polyphenols or other non-nutrient compounds from plants confer health benefits, mainly because these compounds have poor bioavailability, i.e., following ingestion, they are digested into smaller metabolites with unknown functions, then are rapidly eliminated from the body.^[82]^[83]

While initial studies sought to reveal if dietary supplements might promote health, one meta-analysis concluded that supplementation with antioxidant vitamins A and E and beta-carotene did not convey any benefits, and may increase risk of death.^[84] Vitamin C and selenium supplements did not impact mortality rate. Health effect of non-nutrient phytochemicals such as polyphenols were not assessed in this review.^[85]

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Saturday, February 25, 2023

Customer buying behaviour in digital environment

The marketing around the digital environment, customer's buying behaviour may not be influenced and controlled by the brand and firm, when they make a buying decision that might concern the interactions with search engine, recommendations, online reviews and other information. In modern shopping environments, people are more likely to use their mobile phones, computers, tablets and other digital devices to gather information. In an online shopping environment, interactive decision may have an influence on aid customer decision making, through online product reviews and user-generated content, typically provided through software from companies like Bazaarvoice and Trustpilot, or via social media.^[22]^[23] This content, which can include text or video-based reviews, customer photos, and feedback, is often displayed alongside products being sold on websites like Amazon, Target, and most other digital storefronts.

Subsequently, risk and trust would also are two important factors affecting people's' behavior in digital environments. Customers consider to switch between e-channels, because they are mainly influence by the comparison with offline shopping, involving growth of security, financial and performance-risks In other words, a customer shopping online that they may receive more risk than people shopping in stores. There are three factors may influence people to do the buying decision, firstly, people cannot examine whether the product satisfy their needs and wants before they receive it. Secondly, customer may concern at after-sale services. Finally, customer may afraid that they cannot fully understand the language used in e-sales. Based on those factors customer perceive risk may as a significantly reason influence the online purchasing behaviour.^[24]

Online retailers has place much emphasis on customer trust aspect, trust is another way driving customer's behaviour in digital environment, which can depend on customer's attitude and expectation. Indeed, the company's products design or ideas can not met customer's expectations. Customer's purchase intention based on rational expectations, and additionally impacts on emotional trust. Moreover, those expectations can be also establish on the product information and revision from others.^[25]

In several studies, perceived value, shopping style, and brand trust are the main factors that affect online consumers' decisions.^[26] The perceived value means that people can compare the products and prices online, bringing them the perceived value of getting more benefits online than in an offline store.^[27] The comfortable environment that online shopping brings to customers can make consumers get more perceived value.

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Unbalanced

When too much of one or more nutrients is present in the diet to the exclusion of the proper amount of other nutrients, the diet is said to be unbalanced. High calorie food ingredients such as vegetable oils, sugar and alcohol are referred to as "empty calories" because they displace from the diet foods that also contain protein, vitamins, minerals and fiber.^[76]

Illnesses caused by underconsumption and overconsumption

Nutrients	Deficiency	Excess
Macronutrients
Food energy	Starvation, marasmus	Obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease
Simple carbohydrates	None	Obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease
Complex carbohydrates	None	Obesity, cardiovascular disease (high glycemic index foods)
Protein	Kwashiorkor	Protein poisoning
Saturated fat	Low testosterone levels,^[77] vitamin deficiencies^{[citation needed]}	Obesity, cardiovascular disease^[78]
Trans fat	None	Obesity, cardiovascular disease
Unsaturated fat	Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency	Obesity, cardiovascular disease
Micronutrients
Vitamin A	Xerophthalmia, night blindness, and low testosterone levels^{[citation needed]}	Hypervitaminosis A (cirrhosis, hair loss)
Vitamin B₁	Beri-Beri
Vitamin B₂	Skin and corneal lesions, cracking of skin and corneal unclearation
Niacin	Pellagra	Dyspepsia, cardiac arrhythmias, birth defects
Biotin	Biotin deficiency	Reproductive and teratogenic effects
Folate	Anemia	Masks B₁₂ deficiency, which can lead to permanent neurological damage
Vitamin B₁₂	Pernicious anemia, nerve cell damage
Vitamin C	Scurvy	Diarrhea causing dehydration
Vitamin D	Rickets, osteomalacia	Hypervitaminosis D (dehydration, vomiting, constipation)
Vitamin E	Neurological disease	Hypervitaminosis E (anticoagulant: excessive bleeding)
Vitamin K	Hemorrhage
Omega-3 fats	Cardiovascular Disease	Bleeding, hemorrhages, hemorrhagic stroke, reduced glycemic control among diabetics
Omega-6 fats	None	Cardiovascular disease, Cancer
Cholesterol	During development: deficiencies in myelinization of the brain	Cardiovascular disease^[78]
Macrominerals
Calcium	Osteoporosis, tetany, carpopedal spasm, laryngospasm, cardiac arrhythmias	Fatigue, depression, confusion, nausea, vomiting, constipation, pancreatitis, increased urination, kidney stones, anorexia^{[citation needed]}
Magnesium	Hypertension	Weakness, nausea, vomiting, impaired breathing, and hypotension
Potassium	Hypokalemia, cardiac arrhythmias	Hyperkalemia, palpitations
Sodium	Hyponatremia	Hypernatremia, hypertension
Trace minerals
Iron	Anemia	Cirrhosis, hereditary hemochromatosis, heart disease, cardiovascular disease
Iodine	Goiter, hypothyroidism	Iodine toxicity (goiter, hypothyroidism)

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Malnutrition

The term malnutrition addresses 3 broad groups of conditions:

Undernutrition, which includes wasting (low weight-for-height), stunting (low height-for-age) and underweight (low weight-for-age)
Micronutrient-related malnutrition, which includes micronutrient deficiencies or insufficiencies (a lack of important vitamins and minerals) or micronutrient excess
Overweight, obesity and diet-related noncommunicable diseases (such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes and some cancers).^[73]

In developed countries, the diseases of malnutrition are most often associated with nutritional imbalances or excessive consumption; there are more people in the world who are malnourished due to excessive consumption. According to the United Nations World Health Organization, the greatest challenge in developing nations today is not starvation, but insufficient nutrition – the lack of nutrients necessary for the growth and maintenance of vital functions. The causes of malnutrition are directly linked to inadequate macronutrient consumption and disease, and are indirectly linked to factors like "household food security, maternal and child care, health services, and the environment."^[3]

Insufficient

The U.S. Food and Nutrition Board sets Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for vitamins and minerals. EARs and RDAs are part of Dietary Reference Intakes.^[74] The DRI documents describe nutrient deficiency signs and symptoms.

Excessive

The U.S. Food and Nutrition Board sets Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (known as ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. ULs are set a safe fraction below amounts shown to cause health problems. ULs are part of Dietary Reference Intakes.^[74] The European Food Safety Authority also reviews the same safety questions and set its own ULs.^[75]

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Friday, February 24, 2023

Customers

Online customers must have access to the Internet and a valid method of payment in order to complete a transaction. Generally, higher levels of education and personal income correspond to more favorable perceptions of shopping online. Increased exposure to technology also increases the probability of developing favorable attitudes towards new shopping channels.^[21]

Customer buying behaviour in digital environment

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I treni elettrificati venivano utilizzati per il trasporto del carbone, poiché i

I treni elettrificati venivano utilizzati per il trasporto del carbone, poiché i motori non utilizzavano il prezioso ossigeno nelle miniere. La mancanza di risorse fossili naturali della Svizzera ha costretto la rapida elettrificazione della loro rete ferroviaria . Una delle prime batterie ricaricabili , la batteria al nichel-ferro , era la preferita di Edison

I veicoli elettrici sono stati tra le prime automobili e, prima della preminenza dei motori a combustione interna (ICE) leggeri e potenti, le automobili elettriche detenevano molti record di velocità e distanza su terra nei primi anni del 1900. Sono stati prodotti da Baker Electric , Columbia Electric , Detroit Electric e altri, e ad un certo punto della storia hanno superato le vendite dei veicoli a benzina. Nel 1900, il 28% delle auto in circolazione negli Stati Uniti erano elettriche. I veicoli elettrici erano così popolari che persino il presidente Woodrow Wilson e i suoi agenti dei servizi segreti visitarono Washington, DC , con la loro Milburn Electrics, che copriva 60-70 miglia (100-110 km) per carica. ^[21]

La maggior parte dei produttori di autovetture ha optato per le auto a benzina nel primo decennio del 20° secolo, ma i camion elettrici erano una nicchia consolidata fino agli anni '20. ^[22]^[23]^[18] Una serie di sviluppi ha contribuito al declino della popolarità delle auto elettriche. ^[24] Il miglioramento delle infrastrutture stradali richiedeva un'autonomia maggiore di quella offerta dalle auto elettriche e la scoperta di grandi riserve di petrolio in Texas, Oklahoma e California ha portato all'ampia disponibilità di benzina / benzina a prezzi accessibili, rendendo le auto a combustione interna più economiche da operare su lunghe distanze. ^[25] I veicoli elettrici non erano raramente commercializzati come auto di lusso per donne, il che potrebbe essere stato uno stigma tra i consumatori maschi. ^[26]Inoltre, le auto a combustione interna divennero sempre più facili da usare grazie all'invenzione dell'avviamento elettrico di Charles Kettering nel 1912, ^[27] che eliminò la necessità di una manovella per avviare un motore a benzina e il rumore emesso dalle auto ICE divenne più sopportabile grazie all'uso della marmitta , che Hiram Percy Maxim aveva inventato nel 1897. Con il miglioramento delle strade al di fuori delle aree urbane, l'autonomia dei veicoli elettrici non poteva competere con l'ICE. Infine, l'avvio della produzione in serie di veicoli a benzina da parte di Henry Ford nel 1913 ridusse significativamente il costo delle auto a benzina rispetto alle auto elettriche. ^[28]

Negli anni '30, National City Lines , che era una partnership di General Motors , Firestone e Standard Oil of California, acquistò molte reti di tram elettrici in tutto il paese per smantellarle e sostituirle con autobus GM. La partnership è stata condannata per aver cospirato per monopolizzare la vendita di attrezzature e forniture alle società controllate, ma è stata assolta per aver cospirato per monopolizzare la fornitura di servizi di trasporto.

Conferenza sul clima di Copenaghen, che è stata condotta nel bel mezzo di un grave cambiamento climatico osservabile causato dalle emissioni di gas serra di origine umana tenutesi nel 2009. Durante il vertice, più di 70 paesi hanno sviluppato piani per raggiungere l'azzeramento. Per molti paesi, l'adozione di più veicoli elettrici contribuirà a ridurre il consumo di benzina. ^[29]

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Sperimentazione

Sperimentazione [ modifica ]

Nel gennaio 1990, il presidente della General Motors ha presentato il suo concept EV a due posti, "Impact", al Los Angeles Auto Show. Quel settembre, il California Air Resources Board ha imposto la vendita di veicoli elettrici alle principali case automobilistiche, in fasi a partire dal 1998. Dal 1996 al 1998 GM ha prodotto 1117 EV1 , 800 dei quali sono stati resi disponibili tramite contratti di locazione triennali. ^[30]

Anche Chrysler, Ford, GM, Honda e Toyota hanno prodotto un numero limitato di veicoli elettrici per i conducenti della California durante questo periodo di tempo. Nel 2003, alla scadenza dei contratti di locazione EV1 di GM, GM li ha interrotti. L'interruzione è stata variamente attribuita a:

la riuscita sfida del tribunale federale dell'industria automobilistica al mandato sui veicoli a emissioni zero della California ,
un regolamento federale che impone a GM di produrre e mantenere pezzi di ricambio per le poche migliaia di EV1 e
il successo della campagna mediatica delle industrie petrolifere e automobilistiche per ridurre l'accettazione da parte del pubblico dei veicoli elettrici.

Un film realizzato sull'argomento nel 2005-2006 era intitolato Who Killed the Electric Car? e distribuito nelle sale da Sony Pictures Classics nel 2006. Il film esplora i ruoli delle case automobilistiche , dell'industria petrolifera , del governo degli Stati Uniti , delle batterie, dei veicoli a idrogeno e del pubblico in generale, e ciascuno dei loro ruoli nel limitare l'implementazione e l'adozione di questa tecnologia .

Ford ha lanciato sul mercato una serie di furgoni per le consegne Ford Ecostar . Anche Honda, Nissan e Toyota hanno ripreso possesso e distrutto la maggior parte dei loro veicoli elettrici, che, come i GM EV1, erano disponibili solo con contratti di locazione a tempo indeterminato. Dopo le proteste pubbliche, Toyota ha venduto 200 dei suoi veicoli elettrici RAV4 ; in seguito hanno venduto a oltre il loro prezzo originale di quarantamila dollari. Successivamente, la BMW del Canada ha venduto un certo numero di Mini EV al termine dei test canadesi.

La produzione del Citroën Berlingo Electrique si è interrotta nel settembre 2005. Zenn ha iniziato la produzione nel 2006 ma è terminata nel 2009. ^[31]

This 1973 photo of a charging station in Seattle shows an AMC Gremlin, modified to take electric power; it had a range of about 50 miles (80 km) on one charge.

General Motors EV1 electric car (1996–1998), story told in movie Who Killed the Electric Car?

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Thursday, February 23, 2023

IBM's online transaction processing (OLTP)

History of online shopping

One of the earliest forms of trade conducted online was IBM's online transaction processing (OLTP) developed in the 1960s, which allowed the processing of financial transactions in real-time.^[2] The computerized ticket reservation system developed for American Airlines called Semi-Automatic Business Research Environment (SABRE) was one of its applications. There, computer terminals located in different travel agencies were linked to a large IBM mainframe computer, which processed transactions simultaneously and coordinated them so that all travel agents had access to the same information at the same time.^[2] At some point between 1971 and 1971, students at Stanford and MIT used the internet precursor ARPANET to make a deal to exchange marijuana, but the interaction doesn't qualify as e-commerce because no money was transferred online.^[3]

The emergence of online shopping as it is known today developed with the emergence of the Internet.^[4] Initially, this platform only functioned as an advertising tool for companies, providing information about their products. It quickly moved on from this simple utility to actual online shopping transaction due to the development of interactive Web pages and secure transmissions.^[5] Specifically, the growth of the Internet as a secure shopping channel has developed since 1994, with the first sales of Sting's album Ten Summoner's Tales.^[6] Wine, chocolates, and flowers soon followed and were among the pioneering retail categories which fueled the growth of online shopping. Researchers found that having products that are appropriate for e-commerce was a key indicator of Internet success.^[7] Many of these products did well as they are generic products which shoppers did not need to touch and feel in order to buy. But also importantly, in the early days, there were few shoppers online and they were from a narrow segment: affluent, male, 30+. Online shopping has come a long way since those early days and – in the UK – accounts for significant percentage (depending on product category as percentages can vary).

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Storia

Storia [ modifica

La forza motrice elettrica iniziò nel 1827, quando il sacerdote ungherese Ányos Jedlik costruì il primo motore elettrico grezzo ma praticabile, che utilizzava uno statore, un rotore e un commutatore; e l'anno successivo lo usò per alimentare una piccola macchina. ^[14] Nel 1835, il professor Sibrandus Stratingh dell'Università di Groningen , nei Paesi Bassi , costruì un'auto elettrica su piccola scala, e tra il 1832 e il 1839, Robert Anderson della Scozia inventò la prima rozza carrozza elettrica, alimentata da batterie non ricaricabili cellule primarie . ^[15] Il fabbro e inventore americano Thomas Davenportcostruì una locomotiva elettrica giocattolo, alimentata da un primitivo motore elettrico, nel 1835. Nel 1838, uno scozzese di nome Robert Davidson costruì una locomotiva elettrica che raggiungeva una velocità di quattro miglia all'ora (6 km/h). In Inghilterra fu concesso un brevetto nel 1840 per l'uso di rotaie come conduttori di corrente elettrica, e simili brevetti americani furono rilasciati a Lilley e Colten nel 1847. ^[16]

I primi veicoli elettrici prodotti in serie apparvero in America all'inizio del 1900. Nel 1902, la Studebaker Automobile Company entrò nel settore automobilistico con veicoli elettrici, sebbene nel 1904 entrò anche nel mercato dei veicoli a benzina . ^[17]

A causa della mancanza di reti elettriche ^[18] e dei limiti delle batterie di accumulo in quel momento, le auto elettriche non hanno guadagnato molta popolarità; tuttavia, i treni elettrici hanno guadagnato un'immensa popolarità grazie alle loro economie e alle velocità raggiungibili. Nel 20 ° secolo, il trasporto ferroviario elettrico è diventato un luogo comune grazie ai progressi nello sviluppo delle locomotive elettriche . Nel corso del tempo il loro uso commerciale generico si è ridotto a ruoli specialistici come camion con piattaforma , carrelli elevatori , ambulanze, ^[19] trattori e veicoli per le consegne urbane, come l'iconico carro del latte britannico . Per la maggior parte del 20° secolo, il Regno Unito è stato il più grande utilizzatore mondiale di veicoli stradali elettrici.^[20]

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