Carl von Voit and Max Rubner measured caloric energy

Early 20th century

Carl von Voit has been called the father of modern dietetics.

Vitamin	Isolated in...[185]
B1: thiamin	1926
C: ascorbic acid	1926
D: calciferol	1931
B2: riboflavin	1933
B6: pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine	1936
E: tocopherol	1936
B3: niacin	1937
B8: biotin	1939
B9: folate	1939
B5: pantothenic acid	1939
A :retinol	1939
K :phylloquinone	1939
B12: cynocobalamin	1948

In the early 20th century, Carl von Voit and Max Rubner independently measured caloric energy expenditure in different species of animals, applying principles of physics in nutrition. In 1906, Edith G. Willcock and Frederick Hopkins showed that the amino acid tryptophan aids the well-being of mice but it did not assure their growth.^[186] In the middle of twelve years of attempts to isolate them,^[187] Hopkins said in a 1906 lecture that "unsuspected dietetic factors", other than calories, protein, and minerals, are needed to prevent deficiency diseases.^[188] In 1907, Stephen M. Babcock and Edwin B. Hart started the cow feeding, single-grain experiment, which took nearly four years to complete.

In 1912 Casimir Funk coined the term vitamin to label a vital factor in the diet: from the words "vital" and "amine", because these unknown substances preventing scurvy, beriberi, and pellagra, and were thought then to derive from ammonia. In 1913 Elmer McCollum discovered the first vitamins, fat-soluble vitamin A and water-soluble vitamin B (in 1915; later identified as a complex of several water-soluble vitamins) and named vitamin C as the then-unknown substance preventing scurvy. Lafayette Mendel (1872-1935) and Thomas Osborne (1859–1929) also performed pioneering work on vitamins A and B.

In 1919, Sir Edward Mellanby incorrectly identified rickets as a vitamin A deficiency because he could cure it in dogs with cod liver oil.^[189] In 1922, McCollum destroyed the vitamin A in cod liver oil, but found that it still cured rickets.^[189] Also in 1922, H.M. Evans and L.S. Bishop discover vitamin E as essential for rat pregnancy, originally calling it "food factor X" until 1925.

In 1925 Hart discovered that iron absorption requires trace amounts of copper. In 1927 Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus synthesized vitamin D, for which he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1928. In 1928 Albert Szent-Györgyi isolated ascorbic acid, and in 1932 proved that it is vitamin C by preventing scurvy. In 1935 he synthesized it, and in 1937 won a Nobel Prize for his efforts. Szent-Györgyi concurrently elucidated much of the citric acid cycle.

In the 1930s, William Cumming Rose identified essential amino acids, necessary protein components that the body cannot synthesize. In 1935 Eric Underwood and Hedley Marston independently discovered the necessity of cobalt. In 1936, Eugene Floyd DuBois showed that work and school performance are related to caloric intake. In 1938, Erhard Fernholz discovered the chemical structure of vitamin E.^[190][191] It was synthesised the same year by Paul Karrer.^[190]

Oxford University closed down its nutrition department after World War II because the subject seemed to have been completed between 1912 and 1944.^[192]

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